Artículos Científicoshttp://repositorio-indicasat.org.pa/handle/123456789/42024-03-28T09:46:26Z2024-03-28T09:46:26ZAsociación entre cognición y depresión en adultos mayores panameños con cognición normal y deterioro cognitivo levePérez, AmbarOviedo, DianaBritton, Gabrielle Bhttp://repositorio-indicasat.org.pa/handle/123456789/2492022-06-18T05:02:50Z2020-07-29T00:00:00ZAsociación entre cognición y depresión en adultos mayores panameños con cognición normal y deterioro cognitivo leve
Pérez, Ambar; Oviedo, Diana; Britton, Gabrielle B
La depresión y el deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL)en el adulto mayorestánrelacionadoscon el desarrollo de distintos tipos de demencia y disminución en la funcionalidad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 73adultos mayores panameños de 65 años o más, de la cohorte del PanamaAgingResearchInitiative (PARI). Se midió estado de salud y funcionalidad en las actividades de la vida diaria. El funcionamiento cognitivo fue medido con pruebas neuropsicológicas cuyos puntajes se combinaron para formar seis dominios: cognición global, memoria, lenguaje, habilidades visuoespaciales, atención y funciones ejecutivas. Para medir síntomas depresivos se utilizó la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS-30). Se realizó un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) comparando sujetos con y sin posible depresión para cada dominio cognitivo, en sujetos con DCL y cognición normal (CN)y controlando por las variables de edad y escolaridad. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, el grupo con posible depresión y DCL tenía menores puntuaciones en comparación con los otros grupos en cognición global. Se realizaron dos análisis de regresión lineal para determinar los factores asociados con el desempeño cognitivo en cada grupo diagnóstico individualmente. En el grupo CN la escolaridad fue un predictor significativo del desempeño en los dominios cognitivos, mientras queen el DCL se encontróque la edad,la educación,la depresión y elíndice de masa corporal (IMC) estaban relacionados con menor desempeñocognitivo.En el grupo de DCL, depresión predijo bajo desempeño en los dominios cognitivos de funciones ejecutivas y atención. Estos resultados podrían aportar al desarrollo depolíticas de salud dirigidas a adultos mayores, y a esfuerzos especializados de prevención e intervención enfocados enminimizar la discapacidad y sus mediadores.
Depression and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly are related to the development of different types of dementia and decreased functionality. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 73 Panamanian older adults aged 65 years or older, from the cohort of the PanamaAgingResearch Initiative (PARI). Health status and functionality were measured in activities of daily living. Cognitive functioning was measured with neuropsychological tests whose scores were combined to form six domains: global cognition, memory, language, visuospatial skills, attention, and executive functions. To measure depressive symptoms, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) was used. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed comparing subjects with and without possible depression for each cognitive domain, in subjects with MCI and normal cognition (NC) and controlling for the variables of age and education. Significant differences were found between the groups, the group with possible depression and MCI had lower scores compared to the other groups in global cognition. Two linear regression analyzes were performed to determine the factors associated with cognitive performance in each diagnostic group individually. In the NC group, education was a significant predictor of performance in the cognitive domains, while in the MCI it was found that age, education, depression and body mass index (BMI) were related to lower cognitive performance. , depression predicted poor performance in the cognitive domains of executive functions and attention. These results could contribute to the development of health policies aimed at older adults, and to specialized prevention and intervention efforts focused on minimizing disability and its mediators.
2020-07-29T00:00:00ZRelación entre las funciones ejecutivas y el rendimiento académico en una muestra de escolaresFlores, JulioPérez, AmbarOviedo, DianaBritton, Gabrielle BMojica, Maritahttp://repositorio-indicasat.org.pa/handle/123456789/2482022-06-18T05:02:47Z2020-07-30T00:00:00ZRelación entre las funciones ejecutivas y el rendimiento académico en una muestra de escolares
Flores, Julio; Pérez, Ambar; Oviedo, Diana; Britton, Gabrielle B; Mojica, Marita
En la última década, la integración entre las neurociencias y la educación hacontribuido a la comprensión y mejoramiento del sistema educativo, además, se ha mostrado un interés en el estudio de las funciones ejecutivas y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Las funciones ejecutivas son un sistema multimodal que coordinan procesos mentales superiores. Las investigaciones con población infantil han enfatizado la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas y las capacidades cognitivas, habilidades en lectoescritura y competencias matemáticas. Se ha reportado que alteracionesen las funciones ejecutivas podría llevar a un bajo rendimiento académico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas y el rendimiento académico en una muestra de escolares.Materiales y método:Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional con 34 estudiantes, a los cuales se les aplicó la prueba ENFEN y se tomó el promedio de las notas del primer y segundo trimestre del año escolarcomo valor para medir rendimiento académico.Los datos se analizaron con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados:Se encontró que el desempeño de la mayoría de los estudiantes en la prueba ENFEN fue bajo y medio, mientras el rendimiento académicode los participantesfue medio y alto. No se encontraron correlaciones significativasentre la ejecución en el ENFEN y el rendimiento académico. Conclusiones:Los resultados encontrados fueron opuestos a lo planteado por la literatura, lo que conllevaría a plantear una revisión por parte del sistema educativo a la evaluación de las capacidades cognitivasy académicasde los estudiantes. Se recomienda aumentar el tamaño de la muestra y el uso de otros diseños de investigaciónen estudios futuros.
In the last decade, the integration between neuroscience and education has contributed to the understanding and improvement of the educational system, in addition, there has been an interest in the study of executive functions and the academic performance of students. Executive functions are a multimodal system that coordinate higher mental processes. Research with a child population has emphasized the relationship between executive functions and cognitive abilities, literacy skills, and mathematical skills. It has been reported that alterations in executive functions could lead to poor academic performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between executive functions and academic performance in a sample of schoolchildren.Materials and method: A correlational descriptive study was carried out with 34 students, to whom the ENFEN test was applied and the average of the first and second quarter grades of the school year as a value to measure academic achievement. Data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: It was found that the performance of most of the students in the ENFEN test was low and medium, while the academic performance of the participants was medium and high. No significant correlations were found between performance on the ENFEN and academic performance. Conclusions: The results found were opposite to what was proposed by the literature, which would lead to propose a review by the educational system to the evaluation of the cognitive and academic capacities of the students. Increasing the sample size and the use of other research designs are recommended in future studies.
2020-07-30T00:00:00ZMapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17Wiens, Kirsten ELindstedt, Paulina ABlacker, Brigette FJohnson, Kimberly BBaumann, Mathew MSchaeffer, Lauren EAbbastabar Sr, HedayatAbd-Allah, FoadAbdelalim, AhmedAbdollahpour, IbrahimHussein Abegaz, KedirNegesse Abejie, AyenewGuimarães Abreu, LucasAbrigo, Michael RMAbualhasan, AhmedKokou Accrombessi, Manfred MarioAcharya, DilaramAdabi, MaryamAdamu, Abdu AAdebayo, Oladimeji MAdedoyin Sr, Rufus AdesojiAdekanmbi, VictorAdetokunboh Sr, Olatunji OMeressa Adhena, BeyeneAfarideh, MohsenAhmad, SohailAhmadi, KeivanAhmed, Anwar EBeshir Ahmed, MuktarAhmed, RushdiaYihunie Akalu, TemesgenAlahdab, FaresAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam Sr, NooreAlam, SamiahMelak Alamene, GenetAlanzi, Turki MAlcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline ElizabethAbdulqadir Ali, BeriwanAlijanzadeh, MehranAlipour, VahidAljunid, Syed MohamedAlmasi Sr, AliAlmasi-Hashiani, AmirAl-Mekhlafi, Hesham MAltirkawi, Khalid AAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAlvis-Zakzuk, Nelson JAmini Sr, SaeedMaever Amit Sr, Arianna LAndrei Sr, Catalina LilianaAnjomshoa, MinaAnoushiravani Sr, AmirAnsari, FereshtehAbelardo Antonio, Carl TAntony, BennyAntriyandarti, ErnoizArabloo, JalalAmin Aref Sr, Hany MohamedAremu, OlatundeArmoon, BahramArora Sr, AmitAryal, Krishna KArzani, AfsanehAsadi-Aliabadi, MehranTasew Atalay, HagosAthari Sr, Seyyed ShamsadinMasoume Athari, SeyyedeAtre, Sachin RAusloos, MarcelAwoke, NefsuAyala Quintanilla, Beatriz PaulinaAyano, GetinetAyanore Sr, Martin AmogreAynalem IV, Yared AsmareAzari, SamadAzzopardi, Peter SBabaee, EbrahimKayode Babalola, TesleemBadawi Sr, AlaaBairwa, MohanBakkannavar, Shankar MBalakrishnan, SenthilkumarGeleto Bali, AyeleBanach Sr, MaciejMattar Banoub Sr, Joseph AdelBarac, AleksandraBärnighausen, Till WinfriedBasaleem, HudaBasu, SanjayBay, Vo DinhBayati, MohsenBaye, EstifanosBedi, NeerajBeheshti, MahyaBehzadifar, MasoudBehzadifar, MeysamBegashaw Bekele, BayuMuche Belayneh, YaschilalBell Sr, Michellr LBennett Sr, Derrick AAjema Berbada, DessalegnBernstein, Robert SBhat Sr, Anusha GanapatiBhattacharyya Sr, KrittikaBhattarai, SurajBhaumik, SoumyadeepBhutta, Zulfiqar ABijani, AliBikbov, BorisBirihane IV, Binyam MinuyeKishore Biswas, RaajBohlouli, SomayehAmensisa Bojia, HundumaBoufous, SoufianeBrady, Oliver JBragazzi, Nicola LuigiBriko, Andrey NikolaevichBriko, Nikolay IvanovichBritton, Gabrielle BNagaraja Sr, Sharath BuruginaBusse Sr, ReinhardButt, Zahid ACámera Sr, Luis LA AlbertoCampos-Nonato Sr, Ismael RCano, JorgeCar, JosipCárdenas, RosarioCarvalho Sr, FelixCastañeda-Orjuela Sr, Carlos ACastro, FranzChanie Sr, Wagaye FentahunChatterjee, PranabChattu, Vijay KumarChichiabellu Jr, Tesfaye YitnaChin Sr, Ken LeeChristopher, Devasahayam JChu, Dinh-ToiCormier, Natalie MariaCosta, Vera MarisaCulquichicon, CarlosSoboka Daba, MatiwosDamiani Sr, GiovanniDandona, LalitDandona, RakhiDang, Anh KimDarwesh, Aso MohammadDarwish, Amira HamedDaryani Sr, AhmadDas, Jai Khttp://repositorio-indicasat.org.pa/handle/123456789/2472022-06-18T05:00:45Z2020-08-01T00:00:00ZMapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
Wiens, Kirsten E; Lindstedt, Paulina A; Blacker, Brigette F; Johnson, Kimberly B; Baumann, Mathew M; Schaeffer, Lauren E; Abbastabar Sr, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Hussein Abegaz, Kedir; Negesse Abejie, Ayenew; Guimarães Abreu, Lucas; Abrigo, Michael RM; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Kokou Accrombessi, Manfred Mario; Acharya, Dilaram; Adabi, Maryam; Adamu, Abdu A; Adebayo, Oladimeji M; Adedoyin Sr, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh Sr, Olatunji O; Meressa Adhena, Beyene; Afarideh, Mohsen; Ahmad, Sohail; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Anwar E; Beshir Ahmed, Muktar; Ahmed, Rushdia; Yihunie Akalu, Temesgen; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam Sr, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Melak Alamene, Genet; Alanzi, Turki M; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Abdulqadir Ali, Beriwan; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi Sr, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Amini Sr, Saeed; Maever Amit Sr, Arianna L; Andrei Sr, Catalina Liliana; Anjomshoa, Mina; Anoushiravani Sr, Amir; Ansari, Fereshteh; Abelardo Antonio, Carl T; Antony, Benny; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Arabloo, Jalal; Amin Aref Sr, Hany Mohamed; Aremu, Olatunde; Armoon, Bahram; Arora Sr, Amit; Aryal, Krishna K; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Tasew Atalay, Hagos; Athari Sr, Seyyed Shamsadin; Masoume Athari, Seyyede; Atre, Sachin R; Ausloos, Marcel; Awoke, Nefsu; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore Sr, Martin Amogre; Aynalem IV, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azzopardi, Peter S; Babaee, Ebrahim; Kayode Babalola, Tesleem; Badawi Sr, Alaa; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakkannavar, Shankar M; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Geleto Bali, Ayele; Banach Sr, Maciej; Mattar Banoub Sr, Joseph Adel; Barac, Aleksandra; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Basaleem, Huda; Basu, Sanjay; Bay, Vo Dinh; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Estifanos; Bedi, Neeraj; Beheshti, Mahya; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Begashaw Bekele, Bayu; Muche Belayneh, Yaschilal; Bell Sr, Michellr L; Bennett Sr, Derrick A; Ajema Berbada, Dessalegn; Bernstein, Robert S; Bhat Sr, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya Sr, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Birihane IV, Binyam Minuye; Kishore Biswas, Raaj; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Amensisa Bojia, Hunduma; Boufous, Soufiane; Brady, Oliver J; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B; Nagaraja Sr, Sharath Burugina; Busse Sr, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A; Cámera Sr, Luis LA Alberto; Campos-Nonato Sr, Ismael R; Cano, Jorge; Car, Josip; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carvalho Sr, Felix; Castañeda-Orjuela Sr, Carlos A; Castro, Franz; Chanie Sr, Wagaye Fentahun; Chatterjee, Pranab; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chichiabellu Jr, Tesfaye Yitna; Chin Sr, Ken Lee; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Cormier, Natalie Maria; Costa, Vera Marisa; Culquichicon, Carlos; Soboka Daba, Matiwos; Damiani Sr, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dang, Anh Kim; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Darwish, Amira Hamed; Daryani Sr, Ahmad; Das, Jai K
Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs.
Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws.
Findings While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average.
Interpretation To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage.
Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs.
Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws.
Findings While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average.
Interpretation To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage.
2020-08-01T00:00:00ZMapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17Deshpande, AniruddhaMiller-Petrie, Molly KLindstedt, Paulina ABaumann, Mathew MJohnson, Kimberly BBlacker, Brigette FAbbastabar, HedayatAbd-Allah, FoadAbdelalim, AhmedAbdollahpour, IbrahimAbegaz, Kedir HusseinAbejie, Ayenew NegesseAbreu, Lucas GuimarãesAbrigo, Michael RMAbualhasan, AhmedKokou Accrombessi, Manfred MarioAdamu, Abdu AAdebayo, Oladimeji MAdedeji, saac AkinkunmiAdedoyin, Rufus AdesojiAdekanmbi, VictorAdetokunboh, Olatunji OAdhikari, Tara BallavAfarideh, MohsenAgudelo-Botero, MarcelaAhmadi, MehdiAhmadi, KeivanAhmed, Muktar BeshirAhmed, Anwar EAkalu, Temesgen YihunieAkanda, Ali SAlahdab, FaresAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam, SamiahAlam, NooreAlamene, Genet MelakAlanzi, Turki MAlbright, JamesAlbujeer, AmmarAlcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline ElizabethAlebel, AnimutAlemu, Zewdie AderawAli, MuhammadAlijanzadeh, MehranAlipourv, VahidAljunid, Syed MohamedAlmasi, AliAlmasi-Hashiani, AmirAl-Mekhlafi, Hesham MAltirkawi, Khalid AAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAlvis-Zakzuk, Nelson JAmini, SaeedMaever Amit, Arianna LHerrera Amul, Gianna GayleAndrei, Catalina LilianaAnjomshoa, MinaAnsariadi, AnsariadiAbelardo Antonio, Carl TAntony, BennyAntriyandarti, ErnoizArabloo, JalalAmin Aref, Hany MohamedAremu, OlatundeArmoon, BahramArora, AmitAryal, Krishna KArzani, AfsanehAsadi-Aliabadi, MehranAsmelash, DanielTasew Atalay, HagosMasoume Athari, SeyyedeShamsadin Athari, SeyyedAtre, Sachin RAusloos, MarcelAwasthi, ShallyAwoke, NefsuAyala Quintanilla, Beatriz PaulinaAyano, GetinetAmogre Ayanore, MartinAsmare Aynalem, YaredAzari, SamadAzman, Andrew SBabaee, EbrahimBadawi, AlaaBagherzadeh, MojtabaBakkannavar, Shankar MBalakrishnan, SenthilkumarBanach, MaciejMattar Banoub, Joseph AdelBarac, AleksandraBarboza, Miguel AWinfried Bärnighausen, TillBasu, SanjayBay, Vo DinhBayati, MohsenBedi, NeerajBeheshti, MahyaBehzadifar, MeysamBehzadifar, MasoudFernanda, DianaRamirez, BejaranoBell, Michelle LBennett, Derrick ABenzian, HabibAjema Berbada, DessalegnBernstein, Robert SGanapati Bhat, AnushaBhattacharyya, KrittikaBhaumik, SoumyadeepBhutta, Zulfiqar ABijani, AliBikbov, BorisBin Sayeed, Muhammad ShahdaatKishore Biswas, RaajBohlouli, SomayehBoufous, SoufianeBrady, Oliver JNikolaevich Briko, AndreyIvanovich Briko, NikolayBritton, Gabrielle BBrown, AlexandriaBurugina Nagaraja, SharathButt, Zahid ACámera, Luis AlbertoCampos-Nonato, Ismael RCampuzano Rincon, Julio CesarCano, JorgeCar, JosipCárdenas, RosarioCarvalho, FelixCastañeda-Orjuela, Carlos ACastro, FranzCerin, EsterChalise, BinayaKumar Chattu, VijayLee Chin, KenChristopher, Devasahayam JChu, Dinh-ToiCormier, Natalie MariaCosta, Vera MarisaCromwell, Elizabeth AFekadu Dadi, Abel FekaduDahiru, TukurDahlawi, Saad MADandona, RakhiDandona, LalitDang, Anh KimDaoud, FarahDarwesh, Aso MohammadHamed Darwish, Amirahttp://repositorio-indicasat.org.pa/handle/123456789/2462022-06-18T05:04:22Z2020-09-01T00:00:00ZMapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
Deshpande, Aniruddha; Miller-Petrie, Molly K; Lindstedt, Paulina A; Baumann, Mathew M; Johnson, Kimberly B; Blacker, Brigette F; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abejie, Ayenew Negesse; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrigo, Michael RM; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Kokou Accrombessi, Manfred Mario; Adamu, Abdu A; Adebayo, Oladimeji M; Adedeji, saac Akinkunmi; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Anwar E; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akanda, Ali S; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Noore; Alamene, Genet Melak; Alanzi, Turki M; Albright, James; Albujeer, Ammar; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alebel, Animut; Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw; Ali, Muhammad; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alipourv, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Amini, Saeed; Maever Amit, Arianna L; Herrera Amul, Gianna Gayle; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Abelardo Antonio, Carl T; Antony, Benny; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Arabloo, Jalal; Amin Aref, Hany Mohamed; Aremu, Olatunde; Armoon, Bahram; Arora, Amit; Aryal, Krishna K; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asmelash, Daniel; Tasew Atalay, Hagos; Masoume Athari, Seyyede; Shamsadin Athari, Seyyed; Atre, Sachin R; Ausloos, Marcel; Awasthi, Shally; Awoke, Nefsu; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayano, Getinet; Amogre Ayanore, Martin; Asmare Aynalem, Yared; Azari, Samad; Azman, Andrew S; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bakkannavar, Shankar M; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Banach, Maciej; Mattar Banoub, Joseph Adel; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A; Winfried Bärnighausen, Till; Basu, Sanjay; Bay, Vo Dinh; Bayati, Mohsen; Bedi, Neeraj; Beheshti, Mahya; Behzadifar, Meysam; Behzadifar, Masoud; Fernanda, Diana; Ramirez, Bejarano; Bell, Michelle L; Bennett, Derrick A; Benzian, Habib; Ajema Berbada, Dessalegn; Bernstein, Robert S; Ganapati Bhat, Anusha; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Kishore Biswas, Raaj; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Boufous, Soufiane; Brady, Oliver J; Nikolaevich Briko, Andrey; Ivanovich Briko, Nikolay; Britton, Gabrielle B; Brown, Alexandria; Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath; Butt, Zahid A; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar; Cano, Jorge; Car, Josip; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carvalho, Felix; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Castro, Franz; Cerin, Ester; Chalise, Binaya; Kumar Chattu, Vijay; Lee Chin, Ken; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Cormier, Natalie Maria; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cromwell, Elizabeth A; Fekadu Dadi, Abel Fekadu; Dahiru, Tukur; Dahlawi, Saad MA; Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit; Dang, Anh Kim; Daoud, Farah; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Hamed Darwish, Amira
Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs.
Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017.
Interpretation Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation.
Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs.
Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017.
Interpretation Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation.
2020-09-01T00:00:00Z